Across the world, historic homes bear the marks of the past, including some very special marks which were deliberately inscribed as a form of protection. These symbols, often scratched, burned, or carved into buildings, were thought to ward off evil and bring good fortune.
Protective markings, sometimes known as apotropaic marks, can still be found in homes, barns, and churches, though they are often overlooked or mistaken for graffiti.
X marks the spot!
One of the most frequently used protective symbols was the diagonal cross or ‘X.’ This simple but powerful mark was associated with safeguarding people and property. The belief in the protective power of crossing remains ingrained in modern culture—we cross our fingers for luck and mark hot cross buns with an ‘X’ at Easter.
It shows up in our collection on our famous ‘witch posts’, but can also be seen on a number of everyday objects, perhaps giving us clues about the areas of life where people felt vulnerable. This includes, apple scoops, carved from bone and used to help people to eat these hard-fleshed fruits.
Another common motif was the daisy wheel or hexafoil, a circular design often drawn in a single continuous motion. These were believed to trap malevolent spirits in an endless loop, preventing them from causing harm. Criss-cross patterns and mesh-like designs also appear frequently, possibly symbolising a barrier against evil forces.
Apple scoops from the collection at Ryedale Folk Museum
Where to look for protective markings
Protective symbols are most commonly found on doorways, windows, and fireplaces. These were viewed as potential entry points where spirits were thought to enter a home. Daisy wheel marks can be found on the door frame of our medieval Manor House, Harome Hall, which was relocated to the museum in the 1970s. In the case of witch posts, the marks adorn structural elements next to the chimney.
Interestingly, protective markings were not limited to buildings. Everyday objects also carried these symbols, offering personal protection. As well as apple scoops, other objects including wooden spoons and knitting sheaths can sometimes be found to bear protective carvings.
By the 17th century, handknitting was conducted using a curved metal needle. This held in place between the right hand and a sheath secured at the side of the body.
Most sheaths were not made by professional woodworkers. In fact, they were often carved as love tokens by a young man for his intended bride. They often have very distinctive designs, which vary according to region. Protective marking feature heavily within their symbols, as do hearts.
A selection of knitting sheaths featuring apotropaic x designs
The Legacy of protective markings
Though these traditions may seem distant, protective symbols remain part of our cultural heritage. At Ryedale Folk Museum, we believe it is important to remember these folk beliefs, which give us a window into the lives and fears of our ancestors. In very uncertain times, when dangers must have lurked around every corner, be that illness, fire or famine, they sought to protect themselves and guard against threats in their daily lives.